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''Pilophorus acicularis'', commonly known as the nail lichen or the devil's matchstick, is a species of lichen in the Cladoniaceae family. ''P. aciculare'' has both crustose (crust like) and fruticose thallus (shrub-like) body parts.〔Pilophorus acicularis, University of British Columbia Botanical Garden, ()〕 The lichen starts out as a granular crust on the rock surface, and develops fruticose stalks, or ''pseudopodetia'', up to tall and about 1 mm thick that have rounded black apothecia at the tips. The stalks are erect and curved so as to appeared combed. It grows directly on silicate rocks in dense clusters. It is found on the west coast of North America up to Alaska, and in eastern Eurasia. In addition to green algae, the lichen contains cyanobacteria that help contribute to soil fertility by supplying fixed nitrogen. It was originally described in 1803, and transferred to the genus ''Pilophorus'' in 1857. ==History, taxonomy and phylogeny== |2=''Lecanora dispersa'' (Lecanoraceae) }} }} }} | caption=Phylogeny and relationships of ''P. acicula'' and other species of Lecanorales based on analysis of nuclear SSU rDNA sequences. Familial placement is shown in parenthesis.〔 }} The species was first described in 1803 as ''Baeomyces acicularis'' by the Swedish botanist and "father of lichenology" Erik Acharius.〔 The taxon was transferred to several different genera in the next few decades resulting in several synonyms, including ''Cenomyces acicularis'' (by Acharius in 1810), ''Cladonia acicularis'' (Elias Magnus Fries in 1831), and ''Stereocaulon aciculare'' (Edward Tuckerman in 1845).〔 Elias Fries's son Thore Magnus transferred the species to his then newly created genus ''Pilophorus'' in 1857.〔 William Nylander also published the combination ''Pilophorus acicularis'' in 1857,〔 but later analysis suggested that Fries's combination was published first, and under the Principle of Priority, the correct citation of the species is ''Pilophorus acicularis'' (Ach.) Th.Fr. (1857).〔 The genus ''Pilophorus'' was until recently considered to be a member of the Stereocaulaceae family by some authors.〔〔Tehler A. (1996). 1996. Systematics, phylogeny and classification. In T. H. Nash III (), Lichen biology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.〕〔 Analysis of small subunit ribosomal DNA sequences showed ''P. acicularis'' to be more closely related to the Cladoniaceae, rather than the Stereocaulaceae.〔 The specific epithet ''aciculare'' is derived from the Latin ''acicularis'', meaning "needle-like".〔 The lichen is commonly known as the "devil's matchstick";〔 the common name for the genus—"nail lichen"—is also used.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Pilophorus acicularis」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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